单词很忙

One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts education and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification. [E ] besides professionalising the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money fbr academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960 and 1990, but feculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite fbr a successful academic career: as late as 1969 a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr Menand, is that "the knowledge and skills needed fbr a particular specialisation are transmissible but not transferable." So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production ofthe producers of knowledge. [F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which 6t the producers of knowledge are produced. 59 Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticise. ''Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic? 5 Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand does not say. [G ] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace o f Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.

设计和教授此类课程之所以困难，一个原因是它们打破了美国顶尖大学的坚持，即文科教育和专业教育应该分开，在不同的学校教授。许多学生都经历过这两种情况。尽管超过一半的哈佛本科生最终就读于法律、医学或商业，但未来的医生和律师在获得专业资格之前必须学习非专业文科学位。[E]除了通过这种分离使专业化之外，美国顶尖大学也使教授专业化。公共资金fbr学术研究的增长加速了这一进程：1960年至1990年间，联邦研究拨款增加了四倍，但由于研究造成的损失，不合格的教学时间减少了一半。专业精神使获得博士学位成为成功学术生涯的先决条件：直到1969年，三分之一的美国教授还没有博士学位。但Menand先生认为，专业化背后的关键思想是“特定专业所需的知识和技能是可传播的，但不能转移。”因此，学科不仅垄断了知识的生产，而且垄断了知识生产者的生产。[F] Menand先生总结道，改革高等教育的关键是改变6吨知识生产者的生产方式。59否则，学者们的想法将继续危险地相似，越来越脱离他们研究、调查和批评的社会。”学术探究，至少在某些领域，可能需要变得不那么排斥，更全面？5然而，梅南德并没有说明这是怎么发生的。[G]每一个想申请博士学位的学生都应该读一本微妙而聪明的小书《思想的市场：美国大学的改革与抵抗》。然后他们可能会决定去其他地方。因为美国大学里发生了一些奇怪的事情，哈佛大学英语教授Louis Menand巧妙地捕捉到了这一点。

句子成分分析：

One reason (why it is hard to design and teach such courses) is | that they cut [[across the insistence]] [[by top American universities]] that liberal-arts education

句子语法结构详解：

* why 为关系副词，引导定语从句。
* 第1个 is 为系动词作谓语，采用一般现在时。
* hard 为形容词作表语。
* to design 为不定式，作状语。
* 第2个 is 为系动词作谓语，采用一般现在时。
* 第1个 that 为连词，引导表语从句。
* cut 为谓语。
* across the insistence 为介词短语作状语，被移位到宾语之前。
* by top American universities 为介词短语作状语，被移位到宾语之前。
* 第2个 that 为指示代词。
* they 为人称代词主格。the 为定冠词。

句子相关词汇解释：

Phrase:

Vocabulary:

句子成分分析：

[Besides professionalising the professions [by this separation]], top American universities have professionalised the professor.

句子语法结构详解：

* professionalising 为动名词，作介词宾语。
* professionalised 为谓语，采用现在完成时。
* have 为助动词。the 为定冠词。

句子相关词汇解释：

Phrase:

Vocabulary:

句子成分分析：

The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace o f Ideas: Reform and Resistance (in the American University) should be read [by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree].

句子语法结构详解：

(read 为过去分词，与其动词原形拼写相同。)

* book 为谓语，采用一般现在时。
* read 为谓语，采用被动语态。
* thinking 为现在分词，作后置定语。
* applying 为动名词，作宾语。
* to take 为不定式，作状语。
* should 为情态动词。little 为不定代词。be 为助动词。the 为定冠词。a 为不定冠词。

句子相关词汇解释：

Phrase:

Vocabulary:

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