单词很忙

On a five to three vote, the Supreme court knocked out much of Arizona's immigration law Monday - a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration's effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states. In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona's controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitu tional principles that Washington alone has the power to "establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization" and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones. Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court's liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held Congress had deliberately "occupied the field" and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal's privileged powers. However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That's because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues. Two of the three objecting Justices - Samuel Alita and Clarence Thomas - agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts. The 8-0 objection to president Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alita describes in his objection as "a shocking assertion of federal executive power". The White House argued that Arizona's laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with. Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The Administration was in essence asserting that because it didn't want to carry out Congress's immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim

周一，最高法院以五票对三票否决了亚利桑那州的大部分移民法，这对奥巴马政府来说是一次温和的政策胜利。但在更重要的宪法问题上，这一决定以8比0击败了政府破坏联邦政府和各州之间权力平衡的努力。在亚利桑那州诉美国案中，多数人推翻了亚利桑那州有争议的计划中四项有争议的条款中的三项，该计划旨在让州和地方警察执行联邦移民法。宪法原则认为，只有华盛顿有权“建立统一的归化规则”，联邦法律先于州法律，这是没有争议的。亚利桑那州曾试图制定与现有联邦政策平行的州政策。大法官安东尼·肯尼迪、首席大法官约翰·罗伯茨和最高法院的自由派人士裁定，该州离联邦太阳太近了。在被推翻的条款上，多数人认为国会故意“占领了战场”，亚利桑那州因此侵犯了联邦的特权。然而，法官们表示，亚利桑那州警方将被允许核实与执法部门接触的人的法律地位。这是因为国会一直设想联邦-州联合移民执法，并明确鼓励州官员与联邦同事共享信息和合作。三位反对法官中的两位——塞缪尔·阿利塔和克拉伦斯·托马斯——同意这一宪法逻辑，但不同意亚利桑那州的哪些规则与联邦法规相冲突。唯一的主要反对意见来自大法官安东宁·斯卡利亚，他为追溯到《外国人和煽动叛乱法》的国家特权提供了更有力的辩护。对奥巴马总统的8比0反对，大法官塞缪尔·阿利塔在反对中称之为“对联邦行政权力的令人震惊的断言”。白宫辩称，亚利桑那州的法律与其执法重点相冲突，即使州法律严格遵守联邦法规。实际上，白宫声称，它可能会使其不同意的任何其他合法的州法律无效。一些权力确实完全属于联邦政府，对公民身份和边界的控制就是其中之一。但是，如果国会想阻止各州使用自己的资源来检查移民身份，它可以。它从来没有这样做。政府本质上是在断言，因为它不想实现国会的移民愿望，所以任何州都不应该被允许这样做。每一位大法官都正确地驳回了这一引人注目的主张

句子成分分析：

[On a five (to three vote)], the Supreme Court knocked out much (of Arizona's immigration law Monday) -- a modest policy victory (for the Obama Administration).

句子语法结构详解：

* knocked 为谓语，采用一般过去时。
* much 为不定代词。Arizona's 为名词所有格。the 为定冠词。a 为不定冠词。

句子相关词汇解释：

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句子成分分析：

Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies (that ran [parallel to the existing federal ones]).
Justice Anthony Kennedy, <joined [by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court's liberals]>, ruled | that the state flew too close [to the federal sun].

句子语法结构详解：

(ran 为 run 的过去式。flew 为 fly 的过去式。)

* attempted 为谓语，采用过去完成时。
* to fashion 为不定式，作宾语。
* 第1个 that 为关系代词，引导定语从句。
* ran 为谓语，采用一般过去时。
* joined 为过去分词。
* ruled 为谓语，采用一般过去时。
* 第2个 that 为连词，引导宾语从句。
* flew 为系动词作谓语，采用一般过去时。
* close 为形容词作表语。
* had 为助动词。Court's 为名词所有格。the 为定冠词。

句子相关词汇解释：

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Vocabulary:

句子成分分析：

Two (of the three objecting Justices -- <Samuel Alita and Clarence Thomas> --) agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed [about {which Arizona rules conflicted [with the federal statute]}].

句子语法结构详解：

* objecting 为动名词，与 justice 构成合成名词。
* Samuel Alita and Clarence Thomas 为同位语
* agreed 为谓语，采用一般过去时。
* disagreed 为谓语，采用一般过去时。
* which 为连接代词，引导宾语从句。
* conflicted 为谓语，采用一般过去时。
* the 为定冠词。

句子相关词汇解释：

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Vocabulary:

[A] The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change; food security; marine research and the bio-economy; clean, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies. [B] The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones. [C] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs. [D] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords. [E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior: all require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy

[A] 这个想法是为了迫使社会科学家将他们的工作与其他类别相结合，包括健康和人口变化；粮食安全；海洋研究和生物经济；清洁、高效的能源；以及包容、创新和安全的社会。[B] 解决方案是改变学术界的心态，以及它认为的主要目标。全球挑战和社会创新应该受到科学家，尤其是年轻科学家的更多关注。[C] 我们可能正在发展两个社会科学家群体：一个以学科为导向，在高度专业化的期刊上发表，另一个以问题为导向，并在其他地方发表，如政策简报。[D] 然而，这一数字仍然很小：2010年，全球发表的10万篇社会科学论文中，约有1600篇包含了其中一个关键词。[E] 这些问题都有人类行为的根源：都需要行为改变和社会创新，以及技术发展。例如，遏制气候变化既是为了发展清洁能源，也是为了改变消费模式和促进税收接受

句子成分分析：

The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories, including health

句子语法结构详解：

* is 为系动词作谓语，采用一般现在时。
* to force 为不定式，作表语。
* to integrate 为不定式，作宾语补足语(或称复合宾语)。
* their 为形容词型物主代词。the 为定冠词。

句子相关词汇解释：

Phrase:

Vocabulary:

句子成分分析：

Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.

句子语法结构详解：

* receive 为谓语。
* ought to 为情态动词。the 为定冠词。

句子相关词汇解释：

Phrase:

Vocabulary:

句子成分分析：

These issues all have root causes [in human behavior]: all require behavioral change and social innovations,

句子语法结构详解：

* all 为同位语
* have 为谓语，采用一般现在时。
* require 为谓语，采用一般现在时。
* all 为不定代词。

句子相关词汇解释：

Vocabulary:

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