单词很忙

We’re fairly good at judging people based on first impressions, thin slices of experience ranging from a glimpse of a photo to five-minute interaction, and deliberation can be not only extraneous but intrusive.In one study of the ability she called“thin slicing,” the late psychologist Nalini Ambady asked participants to watch silent 10-second video clips of professors and to rate the instructor’s overall effectiveness.Their ratings correlated strongly with students’ end-of-semester ratings. Another set of participants had to count backward from 1,000 by nines as they watched the clips, occupying their conscious working memory.Their ratings were just as accurate, demonstrating the intuitive nature of the social processing.

Critically, another group was asked to spend a minute writing down reasons for their judgment, before giving the rating.Accuracy dropped dramatically. Ambady suspected that deliberation focused them on vivid but misleading cues, such as certain gestures or utterances, rather than letting the complex interplay of subtle signals form  a holistic impression.She found similar interference when participants watched 15-second clips of pairs of people and judged whether they were strangers, friends, or dating partners.

Other research shows we’re better at detecting deception from thin slices when we rely on intuition instead of reflection. “It’s as if you’re driving a stick shift,” says Judith Hall, a psychologist at Northeastern University, “and if you start thinking about it too much, you can’t remember what you’re doing. But if you go on automatic pilot,you’re fine.Much of our social life is like that.”

Thinking too much can also harm our ability to form preferences.College students’ ratings of strawberry jams and college courses aligned better with experts’ opinions when the students weren’t asked to analyze their rationale.And people made car-buying decisions that were both objectively better and more personally satisfying when asked to focus on their feelings rather than on details, but only if the decision was complex—when they had a lot of information to process.

Intuition’s special powers are unleashed only in certain circumstances.In one study,participants completed a battery of eight tasks, including four that tapped reflective thinking (discerning rules, comprehending vocabulary) and four that tapped intuition and creativity (generating new products or figures of speech).Then they rated the degree to which they had used intuition (“gut feelings,” “ hunches,” “my heart”).Use of their gut hurt their performance on the first four tasks, as expected, and helped them on the rest. Sometimes the heart is smarter than the head.

我们非常擅长根据第一印象来判断一个人，从瞥一眼照片到五分钟的互动，都是细微的经验片段，而深思熟虑不仅是无关紧要的，而且是侵入性的。在一项被她称为“薄切片”的能力研究中，已故心理学家纳利尼·阿姆巴迪(Nalini Ambady)要求参与者观看教授的10秒无声视频片段，并对讲师的整体效果进行评分。他们的评分与学生的期末评分密切相关。另一组参与者必须在观看视频时从1000开始按9倒数，占用他们有意识的工作记忆。他们的评价同样准确，显示了社会过程的直觉本质。

关键的是，另一组被要求在给出评分之前花一分钟写下他们判断的理由。准确率急剧下降。Ambady怀疑，深思熟虑使他们集中在生动但具有误导性的线索上，比如某些手势或话语，而不是让微妙信号的复杂相互作用形成一个整体印象。当参与者观看15秒的一对对人的片段并判断他们是陌生人、朋友还是约会对象时，她发现了类似的干扰。

其他研究表明，当我们依靠直觉而不是反射时，我们更善于从薄片中发现欺骗。“这就好像你在开手动挡，”东北大学(Northeastern University)的心理学家朱迪思·霍尔(Judith Hall)说，“如果你开始想得太多，你就不记得自己在做什么。”但如果你选择自动驾驶，你就没事了。我们的大部分社交生活都是这样的。”

想太多也会损害我们形成偏好的能力。在没有被要求分析理由的情况下，大学生对草莓果酱和大学课程的评分与专家的意见更加一致。当人们被要求关注自己的感受而不是细节时，他们做出的购车决定客观上更好，也更令人满意，但前提是这个决定很复杂——当他们有很多信息需要处理时。

直觉的特殊力量只有在特定的情况下才会释放出来。在一项研究中，参与者完成了八项任务，其中四项涉及反思性思维(辨别规则、理解词汇)，四项涉及直觉和创造力(创造新产品或修辞)。然后，他们对自己运用直觉(“直觉”、“预感”、“内心”)的程度进行打分。正如预期的那样，使用直觉会影响他们在前四项任务中的表现，并对其余任务有所帮助。有时候心比头脑聪明。

句子成分分析：

We're fairly good at judging people (based on first impressions), thin slices (of experience ranging [from a glimpse 

(of a photo)] [to fiveminute interaction]), || and deliberation can be not only extraneous but intrusive.

句子语法结构详解：

(we're = we are)

* are 为系动词作谓语，采用一般现在时。
* good 为形容词作表语。
* judging 为现在分词作定语
* based on first impressions 为后置定语。
* ranging 为现在分词，作后置定语。
* and 为并列连词，连接并列句。
* be 为系动词作谓语。
* 句中含有 not only...but (also)... 并列结构，意为“不但……而且……”。
* extraneous 为形容词作表语。
* can 为情态动词。we 为人称代词主格。a 为不定冠词。

句子相关词汇解释：

Phrase:

Vocabulary:

句子成分分析：

Their ratings correlated [strongly] with students' end-of-semester ratings.

句子语法结构详解：

* correlated 为谓语，采用一般过去时。
* their 为形容词型物主代词。students' 为名词所有格。

句子相关词汇解释：

Vocabulary:

句子成分分析：

Another set (of participants) hadto count backward [from 1,000] [by nines] || as they watched the clips, occupying 

thei conscious working memory.

句子语法结构详解：

* count 为谓语。
* as 为连词，引导状语从句。
* watched 为谓语，采用一般过去时。
* occupying 为现在分词，作状语。
* had to 为情态动词。they 为人称代词主格。their 为形容词型物主代词。the 为定冠词。

句子相关词汇解释：

Phrase:

Vocabulary:

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